Importance of the Magna Carta to the US Constitution

The Magna Carta, meaning â€Å"Great Charter,† is one of the most influential political documents ever written: it is seen by many modern political scientists as the fundamental document for many of the governing laws of the west, including the United States. Originally issued in 1215 by King John of England as a way of dealing with his own political crisis, the Magna Carta was the first governmental decree establishing the principle that all people—including the king—were equally subject to the law.   Key Document in U.S. Political Foundations In particular, the Magna Carta had a significant impact on the American Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and the constitutions of various U.S. states. Its influence is also reflected in the beliefs held by eighteenth-century Americans that the Magna Carta affirmed their rights against oppressive rulers. In keeping with colonial Americans general distrust of sovereign authority, most early state constitutions included declarations of rights retained by individual citizens and lists of protections of those citizens from the powers of the state government. Due in part to this conviction to individual liberty first embodied in the Magna Carta, the newly-formed United States also adopted the Bill of Rights. The American Bill of Rights Several of the natural rights and legal protections enumerated in both the state declarations of rights and the United States Bill of Rights descend from rights protected by Magna Carta. A few of these include: Freedom from unlawful searches and seizuresThe right to a speedy trialA right to a jury trial in both criminal and civil casesProtection from loss of life, liberty, or property without due process of law The exact phrase from the 1215 Magna Carta referring to â€Å"due process of law† is in Latin, but there are various translations. The British Library translation reads: â€Å"No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land.† In addition, many broader constitutional principles and doctrines have their roots in America’s eighteenth-century interpretation of the Magna Carta, such as the theory of representative government, the idea of a supreme law, a government based on a clear separation of powers, and the doctrine of judicial review of legislative and executive acts. Journal of the Continental Congress Evidence of the influence of the Magna Carta on the American system of government can be found in several key documents, including the Journal of the Continental Congress, which is the official record kept of the Congresss deliberations between May 10, 1775, and March 2, 1789. In September and October 1774, the delegates to the first Continental Congress drafted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, in which the colonists demanded the same liberties guaranteed to them under â€Å"the principles of the English constitution, and the several charters or compacts.† They demanded self-government, freedom from taxation without representation, the right to a trial by a jury of their own countrymen, and their enjoyment of â€Å"life, liberty, and property† free from interference from the English crown. The Federalist Papers Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, and published anonymously between October 1787 and May 1788, the Federalist Papers were a series of eighty-five articles intended to build support for the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. Despite the widespread adoption of declarations of individual rights in state constitutions, several members of the Constitutional Convention generally opposed adding a bill of rights to the federal Constitution. In Federalist No. 84, published during the summer of 1788, Hamilton argued against the inclusion of a bill of rights, stating: â€Å"Here, in strictness, the people surrender nothing; and as they retain everything they have no need of particular reservations.† In the end, however, the Anti-Federalists prevailed and the Bill of Rights—based largely on the Magna Carta—was appended to the Constitution in order to secure its final ratification by the states. The Bill of Rights as Proposed As originally proposed to Congress in 1791, there were twelve amendments to the constitution. These were strongly influenced by the state of Virginia’s Declaration of Rights of 1776, which in turn incorporated a number of the protections of the Magna Carta. As a ratified document, the Bill of Rights included five articles directly reflecting these protections: Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures (4th),  Protection of rights to life, liberty, and property (5th),  Rights of accused persons in criminal cases (6th),  Rights in civil cases (7th), and  Other rights kept by the people (8th).   History of the Magna Carta King John I (also known as John Lackland, 1166–1216) ruled England, Ireland and sometimes Wales and Scotland between 1177–1216. His predecessor and brother Richard I had spent much of the kingdoms wealth on the crusades: and in 1200, John himself had lost lands in Normandy, ending the Andevin Empire. In 1209, after an argument with Pope Innocent III  over who should be the archbishop of Canterbury, John was excommunicated from the church. John needed to pay money to get back in Popes good graces, and he wanted to wage war and get back his lands in Normandy, so as sovereigns were wont to do, he increased already-heavy taxes on his subjects. The English barons fought back, forcing a meeting with the king at Runnymede near Windsor on June 15, 1215. At this meeting, King John was coerced into signing the Great Charter which protected some of their basic rights against royal actions. After some modifications, the charter known as the magna carta libertatum (great charter of liberties) became part of the law of the land of England in 1297 under the reign of Edward I.  Ã‚   Key Provisions of the Magna Carta Following are some of the key items that were included in the 1215 version of the Magna Carta: Habeas corpus, known as the right to due process, said that free men could only be imprisoned and punished after lawful judgment by a jury of their peers.Justice could not be sold, denied, or delayed.Civil lawsuits did not have to be held in the kings court.The Common Council had to approve the amount of money that vassals had to pay instead of having to serve in the military (called scutage) along with any aid that could be requested from them with only three exceptions, but in all cases, the aid had to be reasonable. This basically meant that John could no longer tax without the agreement of his Council.If the King wanted to call the Common Council, he had to give the barons, church officials, landowners, sheriffs, and bailiffs 40 days notice that included a stated purpose for why it was being called.For commoners, all fines had to be reasonable so that their livelihood could not be taken away. Further, any offense that a commoner was said to have committed had to be sworn to by go od men from the neighborhood.Bailiffs and constables could not appropriate peoples possessions.London and other cities were given the right to collect customs.The king could not have a mercenary army. In feudalism, the barons were the army. If the king had his own army, he would have the power to do what he wanted against the barons.Inheritances were guaranteed to individuals with the amount of what today we would call inheritance tax being set in advance.As stated previously, the king himself had to follow the law of the land. Up until the Magna Carta’s creation, British monarchs enjoyed supreme rule. With the Magna Carta, the king, for the first time, was not allowed to be above the law. Instead, he had to respect the rule of law and not abuse his position of power. Location of Documents Today There are four known copies of the Magna Carta in existence today. In 2009, all four copies were granted UN World Heritage status. Of these, two are located at the British Library, one is at Lincoln Cathedral, and the last is at Salisbury Cathedral. Official copies of the Magna Carta were reissued in later years. Four were issued in 1297 which King Edward I of England affixed with a wax seal. One of these is currently located in the United States. Conservation efforts were recently completed to help preserve this key document. It can be seen at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., along with the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights.   Updated by Robert Longley Resources and Further Reading Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774 to 1789. Digital Collections. Library of Congress.The Federalist Papers. Congress.gov.  Howard, A. E. Dick. Magna Carta: Text and Commentary, 2nd ed. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.Linebaugh, Peter. The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009Magna Carta 1215: Transcript in English and Latin. The British Library.  Hamilton, Alexander. Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered. Federalist Papers 84. New York: McLeans, July 16–August 9, 1788Vincent, Nicholas. The clauses of Magna Carta. The British Library, March 13, 2015.  The Virginia Declaration of Rights. National Archives.

How John Adams Was Important During The Revolutionary War

Dean H. Willis Mr.Garrett Edwards SS 7th November 20, 2015 John Adams â€Å"We are in the very midst of the revolution, the most complete, unexpected and remarkable of any in the history of the world.† (McCullough 127) This dynamic quote was given by John Adams. The American Revolution started when Great Britain put taxes on the colonies. Feeling that these taxes were unconstitutional, the patriots started revolts like the Boston Tea Party. The American Revolution was fought from 1775 to 1783. America fought hard to win her freedom from Great Britain. This great war was fought in New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and many other colonies. John Adams was vitally important during the Revolutionary War. He was at the forefront of America’s realization that she needed to be independent and he worked to accomplish this as a congressman, a great thinker and communicator, and a diplomat. John Adams was born on October 30, 1735 in Braintree, Massachusetts. He died July 4, 1826. He had two brothers, Peter and Elihu. John Adams loved books and reading. He loved to write and to talk about history. He liked swimming, walking and billiards. He had silkworms and an alligator for his pets. Adam s’ parents were Susanna Boylston and John Adams. His mother was notable in society and his father was a farmer, town councilman and deacon. John Adams attended Harvard University where he studied law in his senior year. After college, John Adams opened his own law firm in Braintree. He marriedShow MoreRelatedAbigail Adams And The Revolutionary Time Period1585 Words   |  7 Pages– Abigail Adams (Brainy Quote). In the 1700’s, most women were uneducated and thought little about education and knowledge of the intricate workings of government and society. However, one woman saw the value of education and free thinking way before most of her contemporaries. In Abi gail Adams, a biography by Charles W. Akers, a unique perspective of the revolutionary time period is displayed through the eyes of Abigail Adams by contrasting the way women were treated generally during that timeRead MoreJohn Adams And George Washington Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Adams and George Washington were two instrumental leaders during the American Revolution. Both men were quintessential to the success of the revolution in their own way. John Adams pushed the revolutionary agenda and George Washington lead the continental army. The methods for which they led our nation to success varied due to their differing leadership styles. In consequence, George Washington has gone down in History as a larger than life hero whereas John Adams has nearly been forgotten.Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography : The Biography.com Website 1155 Words   |  5 PagesBibliography Biography.com Editors. Abigail Adams Biography. The Biography.com Website. AE Networks Television, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. This source has credible authors. The fact that it has more than one authors makes it much more credible, considering that there is more credible information. This article has 5 main head titles. They go in this order; synopsis, early life, marriage to John Adams, political involvement and later life. They all give very important information and the main head titles areRead MoreRole of Woman During the Revolutionary War1133 Words   |  5 PagesRole of Woman During the Revolutionary War Have you noticed that in most history text books that the role of woman was never truly expressed in detail? Of corse we have heard of Gorge Washington, John Adams, male solders of the Revolutionary war, high ranking officers and the generals; what about the wives? What were the woman’s roles during these times? We should know that all woman were inferior to men, they had responsibilities and rights based on there social status. Most womanRead MoreWomen Of The Republic : The Revolutionary Era1429 Words   |  6 PagesRevolutionary Era Dr. Paul Grady Eric G. Shuping Book Review #1 March 17, 2015 Women of the Republic The American Revolution was a stepping-stone towards helping to change women’s role in society. Women of the Republic explains to readers the radicalism that Republican Mothers had a hand in during the creation of America at the time of the Revolution. Kerber shows that the American Revolution was able to help ignite the alterations that women were fighting for to prove that they belonged equallyRead MorePaul Reveres Ride Analysis1062 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1860,during the turbulent times when the United States was on the brink of civil war.† Some of the people didn’t know how he was or anything like that he might have been a normal person. â€Å"How accurate was longfellow poem?† The author was Franklin Johnson, â€Å"Paul Revere and the American Revolution† by: Ethel Ames, and â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride† written By: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. What I have learned in the â€Å"Paul Revere and the American Revolution† was th at on April 18, 1775, that Revere was sent toRead MoreThe Treaty Of Paris And Indian War876 Words   |  4 Pages] Outline: 1. From one war to another a.) French and Indian War b.) Ended by the Treaty of Paris 2. Revolutionary War a.) Negotiations between Great Britain and America b.) Informal articles of peace 3. Ending of the Revolutionary War a.) Articles of peace b.) Formal agreements between Great Britain and America c.) Treaty of Paris [ The Treaty of Paris, The ending of the Revolutionary War ] In 1763, the treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War between Great Britain andRead MoreSummary Of Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation By Joseph J. Ellis1377 Words   |  6 PagesFounding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation by Joseph J. Ellis Publisher: Alfred A. Knopf Joseph J. Ellis work concentrates on crucial events after the Revolutionary war in the young nation of America. The writer unbiasedly analyzes vital moments in the lives of the Founding Fathers and how relationships between them influenced and were influenced by the unstable era in which they happened to live in. Through the six chapters and preface, Ellis examines the key revolutionary leaders, the problemsRead MoreAmerican Beliefs and Values719 Words   |  3 PagesThe Revolutionary period was influential towards the thirteen colonies. This time period included the famous Revolutionary war where the British colonies broke away from England and became independent and free. The American’s beliefs and values developed during this time and became important to why they were fighting for their freedom. Religion, freedom and liberty, and equality was only three of the many values the Americans had. Religion was important to the Americans during the RevolutionaryRead MoreAbigail Adams’ Inspiring Rebellion for Women’s Rights Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 11, 1744, Abigail Smith entered the world in the Massachusetts colony during troublesome time of England rule that was destined to end one day.1 Her family was well respected in the town of Weymouth, where she was born. Her father, William Smith, was a Congregational minister and her mother, Elizabeth Quincy, hailed from a prominent family in the colony.2 Abigail spent her time at her grandmother’s house where she was schooled in English, French, and history, meanwhile, gaining a well-rounded

Physics Lab Report Essay Example For Students

Physics Lab Report Essay The period remained the same as the mass increased. LLC. As the arc of swing increased, did the period (T) increased, decreased, or remained the same? The period of swing decreased as the period (T) increased. AAA. From the data table 1 construct a graph of periods (T) (Y axis) vs.. Length (m) (X- axis) b. From data table 2 construct a graph of period (T) (Y axis) vs.. Mass (keg) (X Axis) c. From data table 2 construct a graph of period (T) (Y axis) vs.. Arc of swing (0) (X axis) 3. For each of these three graphs, describe the relationship between the Period and he X-axis variable. If the graph is horizontal straight line then the two variables are independent of each other. If the graph is a straight diagonal line the relationship is linear. (I. E. , the variables are directly proportional to each other). Length/ Period is Linear Arc of Swing/ Period is Independent Variables Material/Period is Linear 4. What other factors(s), not investigated by you (length, mass, arc of swing) in this experiment might affect the period of the pendulum? The angle of the Pendulums swing only one? The timing of 20 complete swings of my pendulum can have a more accurate measurement since there is less human errors. AAA. The theoretical equation for the period of a pendulum is giving by. T= 211 Where T= Period, L= Length of the pendulum, and g= the acceleration due to gravity in m/so/ If we square both sides of the equation we get; ATA = 4 AAA * L and thus TA = 4112 = the slope of the graph in AAA. Calculate the slope of the graph in question AAA. And from the slope, find the value of g by using 4112 = g So, The gravity is about 9. 8698 m/SAA. Slope b. Compare this measured value of g to the theoretical value of g=9. 81 m/so by determining the % error of your measured value from the theoretical value. Percent Error = The goal of this experiment was to determine the effect of mass, arc of swing and length on the period of a simple pendulum. We varied the pendulum mass for a fixed length, and varied the pendulum length and angle for a fixed mass. The results of this experiment are not in close agreement with original assumption of our group: mass, length and angle all have measurable effect on the period of our pendulum. The timing of letting go the bob and air resistance can be some errors because when you let go of the bob the timing could be a little off and the air resistance which can push the bob making it faster or slower. Error may have also resulted from the pendulum swaying forward or backward during its motion. Sometimes the bob was not dropped exactly straight and caused the bob to take on a slightly diagonal motion. This would have changed the times of our periods slightly. And the timing errors might be improved by having few more trials.

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Essay Example

Memorisation then rote rehearsal Paper The aim of my investigation was to investigate whether imagery was a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. Different psychologists have found one method to have a different level of effectiveness than the other. The one-tailed hypothesis for this investigation would be which is a better form of memorisation, imagery or rote rehearsal? The hypothesis was mainly concerned with investigating which factor, either imagery or rote rehearsal was the better form of memorisation. To investigate this, my aim is to use a group of 6th form students and examine which is the better form of memorisation. The study used repeated measures design. The sample I used was the opportunistic sample whereby I obtained those participants who were available to me at that time. I will be testing a representative sample of 20 students. The study will be carried out in a field setting. There will be some ethical issues that I will need to into consideration such as participants consent, right to withdrawal e. t. c. The results were collected on a sheet (appendix ). The words that were correctly remembered with the associated word were written down on the sheet. The participants were taken into a separate room so that other participants were not around, thus avoiding conferring and distraction. The results obtained showed that imagery is a better form of memorisation then rote rehearsal. It was found that more people INTRODUCTION There are various ways in which we can encode stimulus inputs. It may be stored as a visual representation so that you form a visual image of either the printed word itself or a pictorial image of it, or you could form an acoustic representation by saying the written word aloud. We will write a custom essay sample on Memorisation then rote rehearsal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Memorisation then rote rehearsal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Memorisation then rote rehearsal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Alternatively you could form a semantic representation of the word, this would depend on your knowledge on the meaning of the word. My aim for this coursework is to find out weather imagery is a better form of storing information than rote rehearsal. Craik and Watkins distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal, in which material is rehearsed in the form in which it was presented (rote) Elaborative rehearsal, which elaborate the material in some way, e. g. by giving it a meaning or linking it with pre-existing knowledge Many psychologists have done research to suggest the procesess of encoding information. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the multi-store memory model, it attempted to explain how information from one storage system to another. The multi-store model sees rehearsal as the key control process, which transfers which helps to transfer information from short term-memory to long-term memory. The Brown-Peterson technique shows that STMs duration is very short and in the absence of rehearsal. However, information can be held in long-term memory almost indefinitely through maintenance rehearsal. Other Psychologists have tried to explain that imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal. Some psychologists who have done this are: Wollen et al (72). Bower and Springston Richardson et al (74). AIM My aim is to replicate the research carried out by Bower and Winzenz. They found that the imagery is a better technique for memorisation rather then rehearsal and that the participants of their research recalled more words using the technique process of imagery rather then rote rehearsal. The aim of the research is to see if the my findings will be the same as Bowers et al. HYPOTHESES Experimental hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the number of words recalled using imagery rather than rote rehearsal, participants will remember more words using the technique of imagery rather than rote rehearsal. Null hypothesis: If any difference occurs between the number of words recalled using imagery and the number of words recalled using rehearsal, it will be due to chance alone DISSCUSSION From the experiment I found that recall was better when participants memorised the word using imagery. These results allow me to reject the null hypothesis, that all results will be due to chance alone and accept the experimental hypothesis. I have been able to fulfil my aim to find out if my findings will be the same or different as Bowers, the results are similar: that imagery was a better form of memorisation then rehearsal. Although this is true for the general results if we look at the individual results: participant 6 re-called three words using rehearsal but only one using imagery, this is true for several other participants. This could be due to the fact that the participants were actually using the imagery technique instead of rote rehearsal even though we had asked them not to. This is a point that needs to be taken into consideration if a repetition of the experiment is to be done. However it could be that rehearsal may actually be a better technique of memorisation, as some psychological research has found this to be correct. Some psychologists who found rehearsal is better technique for recall are Atkinson and Shiffrin, they found that rehearsal was a better technique for memorisation rather then imagery. They believed that memory traces in STM are fragile and can be lost within about 30 seconds unless they are repeated (rehearsed), if this is done them the materials remain for a lifetime. Richardson (72) supported the fact that imagery was a better technique compared to rehearsal. I think there are several ways for me to improve the research that I conducted if I were to re-do it. Instead of using sixth form students I will use adults, as some of the participants were not taking it seriously enough, that way the response is more likely to be more accurate. The research that I carried out did not take place in a natural environment so this could have affected the participants in some way, as they were aware this was an experiment. I could not have carried out my experiment in any other way, however if that was possible I would have had to break ethical issues such as consent and debriefing the participants: it would have been deception. I carried out the research in school, even though it was a classroom with its doors closed the participants were still affected by the noise made by other students walking past the classroom who were not participating in the experiment. Another limitation is that the number of participants involved was very small, to generalise I would need a much bigger sample as this way I would not be taking into account individual differences. Implications of the research: I could re-do this experiment but test imagery with other memory aids such as mnemonics and colour coding. As even though generally participants did better using imagery there were still some participants who did not, so it would be interesting to explore if other methods of recall are even better then memory Also I could use a much bigger participant sample, as this would allow mw to generalise my findings. My findings support and strengthen bowers research but question other researchers such as Anderson and Atkinson and Shiffrin. More Research is needed to discover what is the best method for recall.

Pets in the Classroom

Pets in the Classroom If youre thinking about getting a classroom pet its important to know a few things first. While research has shown that classroom pets can be stimulating and help to enrich a students experience, you must know which animals are the best to get, and which are not. Classroom pets can be a lot of work, and if you would like to teach your students some responsibility, then they can be a great addition to your classroom. Here are a few quick tips to help you decide which pet is good for your classroom. Amphibians   Frogs and salamanders make great classroom pets because students rarely (if ever) have allergies to them and can be left unattended for days at a time. Frogs have been a staple in many classrooms, a popular frog that most teachers like to get is the African Clawed frog. This frog only needs to be fed two to three times per week, so it is a very convenient pet to have. The only concern with amphibians is the risk of salmonella. You would need to encourage frequent hand washing before and after touching these types of animals. Fish Like Amphibians, fish can be a popular classroom pet because students are not allergic to them nor do they have any bad order to them. They can also be left unattended for days at a time. The maintenance is low, all you really have to do is clean the tank about once a week, and students can easily feed the fish with little supervision. Betta and Goldfish are the most popular in classrooms. Hermit Crabs   Hermit crabs have been popular in science classrooms for some time now. What people don’t realize is they can be a lot of work, die easily and not to mention they smell really bad. Other than that, students seem to really love them, and they can make a great addition to your science curriculum. Reptiles   Turtles are another popular choice for a classroom pet. They are another good choice because they can be picked up easily and are pretty low maintenance. Snakes like the garter and corn are popular as well as ball pythons. Good hygiene is recommended in caring for reptiles  because they may carry salmonella. Other Animals   Pets such as guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, gerbils, rabbits, and mice may harbor viruses and children may be allergic to them so make sure before choosing your pet that you find out what allergies your students have. If students do in fact have allergies then you may need to stay away from any â€Å"furry† pets because of this risk. Try and stick to the animals listed above if you want low maintenance and have allergies in your classroom. Before you decide upon purchasing your classroom pet, take a moment to think about who will take care of this animal on the weekends or on the holidays when you are gone. You should also think about where you would put the pet in your classroom, that would not cause a distraction to your students. If you are still set on getting a classroom pet then please consider getting a grant from Petsintheclassroom.org or Petsmart.com. Pet Smart allows teachers to submit one application per school year to receive a hamster, guinea pig or snake. These grants are used to support the teaching the of children on how to bond and care about pets responsibility.

Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay

Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay The terms geologists use to describe bedrock thats available for the hammer are two: exposures and outcrops. Exposure covers all cases, whereas outcrop is used for an exposure that is natural. The faces sculpted on Mount Rushmore are exposures, but Mount Rushmore itself is an outcrop. The subtler shades of meaning of these two words reflect their deepest roots. Rock Outcrops The first people to call themselves geologists, about 200 years ago, visited mines and talked to lots of miners. In England, the miners used the words cropping or cropping out to describe rocks showing themselves above the ground or mineral seams unearthed in a mine. These are ancient words: the verb crop goes back to Old English and beyond; it means to grow or swell. Today we still use the archaic form of the verb in to crop up, meaning to emerge and to crop out, in speaking of rocks. To the miners, an active process of growth and emergence, even a vital force, was implicit in their word outcrop. The early geologists, who wrote for polite audiences, made a point of noting that cropping out and outcrops were miners slang, not educated English. Miners have always been superstitious people with magical beliefs, and the notion of rocks growing was a clear sign that they saw the underground as an active, living place. Geologists were bent on avoiding all taint of the supernatural, even in their figurative language. But the terminology stuck, and as geology became popular in the mid-1800s outcrop soon entered the everyday language as a noun and, inevitably, a verb derived from it (along with outcropping, a noun derived from that derived verb). Careful users of geological terminology retain crop out as the verb and outcrop as the noun deriving from it: we say, Rocks crop out in outcrops. But even the professional literature has many instances of outcrop used as a verb, and outcropping has a place today when the point is to be decidedly casual. Rock Exposures Exposure is a noun based on the verb expose, to reveal or uncover, which has its origin in Latin and came to us through French. Its root meaning in Latin is to bring forth. We still feel this sense when we speak of a rock exposure in a roadcut or quarry face or building foundation, where the bedrock is actively brought forth by human activity. We have a strong sense as geologists that bedrock forms deep underground. Thus wherever bedrock appears at the Earths surface, something must have removed an overburden to reveal it. The rock just lay there the whole time. Whether it was erosion or bulldozers that did the removing, a passive process of unroofing or exhumation is implicit in the word exposure. Niceties and Ironies Whether a body of rock looks like it grew out of the ground (outcrop) or was uncovered (exposure) would seem to make no difference and many geologists make no distinction but we think the two terms have subtle connotations. Outcrops are natural, but exposures need not be. An outcrop should have a rounded, organic look while an exposure should be more chiseled. An outcrop should protrude whereas an exposure may be flat or concave. An outcrop offers itself; exposure grudges being opened to inspection. Exposures reveal petrology; outcrops show personality. But the miners in their centuries of observation and lore intuited something true: ore veins and granite dikes are clearly invaders of the older rocks they occupy. These things did rise and swell upward from below; their shape implies their process they do grow. Cropping was just the right word. Geologists recognized this too, but unlike the miners, they came to understand that the activity happened and ended an unimaginably long time ago. The miners beliefs in subterranean actions and agents their imps and pixies and tricksters arise naturally from human psychology in the underground setting. We also have a large class of rocks and lavas that do in fact grow on the Earths surface. Lava emerges from the Earth and lies there naked, shaped by its own energies. Are lavas outcrops or exposures? The geologist calls them neither, preferring the more specific words flow, bed, pillow. If pressed, the geologist might well choose exposure as the more neutral term. Lava formations dont have the look of something coming out from under the soil; instead, the soil gradually grows upon them. So perhaps there is a case to make that outcrops refer only to formerly buried bedrock (which would imply that lava is not bedrock). As erosion exposes and gently sculpts the rocks, their details emerge on their skin: variations in hardness and texture, fractures and joints, weathering pits and resistant strata. The outcrops take on character. The irony is that the body of rock that looks most organic and alive is, in fact, the most passive.

How Australia Helps Refugees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Australia Helps Refugees - Research Paper Example According to the DIAC’s official map dealing with the organization of detention centers, Australia uses two systems of welcoming refugees. Offshore clients involve eligible people who get guaranteed the chance to apply for protected status in the country. If approved, the Australian state further awards permanent protection to the individuals, which include the provision of visa. If the individuals play within the laws of Australia, they get accorded full citizenship a factor, which transforms refugees into citizens of Australia. The maritime system, on the other hand, is for refugees who apply for protection from the Australian government after stepping on their soil. It involves irregular maritime apprehensions in the last several years as shown in detention centers such as Sydney, Perth, Christmas Island and Melbourne not forgetting Darwin. Australia refugee policy got stipulated on 24 may 1977 by Mr. Mackler who outlined various principles guiding the humanitarian act.   For instance, under the principles, the country recognizes refugees as people who need help and support, but at the same time hold the decision to help them within the government. Furthermore, one of the principles stipulates that assistance gets provided to refugees once they are designated plans for resettlement. Consequently, the country contributes to the United Nation Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It is indispensable to remember that the proponent policy got formulated at a time when Australia was facing a surge of refugees from the war of Vietnam. Considering the sensitivity and the amount of information the project holds, a sensible time is needed to conduct research. The first week of the intensive two-week research involves gathering data from books and other publications. The second week involves carrying out interviews in the relevant departments. This is to ascertain data from books as well as acquire new information helpful in the research. It is also in the week that the research paper gets compiled for submission.

Signature assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Signature - Assignment Example Additionally, I have gained the ability to identify, which articles and case studies are appropriate to analyze in relation to the questions asked in the course. By so doing, I have acquired verse knowledge and skills to help me in the future when am entered with a situation, which requires me to carry out research. The work that I did in class was in relation to identifying different research methods and analyzing results. However, in the work that I did, it is clear that it was more of the analysis of what the authors had done in the research rather than the indicating further explanation of the understanding of the topic or the research method itself. Therefore, in order to improve the work I did in class I would critically evaluate the research method itself and identify the areas that the method is used. Secondly, I would give different opinions on the method indicating how different authors have understood each research method. Thirdly, by using the case studies given I would include the discussion part in the essay to indicate how the research was conducted. By so doing, it will give me a better understanding of the concepts that have been provided in the articles. This will further increase the understanding of the relevant issues involved in the research including good ethical consider ations that are required for every research that is conducted. The topic on Meta-analysis as a research method was a challenge to me, as I did not quite understand how two different aspects were combined to produce results of an issue. This aspect of meta-analysis was confusing because in the study, that I researched on the case study was recent and the one that was combined with the first study was done a long time ago. Seeing that there have been changes not only in technology, but also in other sectors, it is may be correct to say that the data would be compromised. Additionally the meta-analysis research method requires a person who understands the complexity

Work Placement Skills Essay Example for Free

Work Placement Skills Essay Briefing on work placements and the importance of their inclusion in the DDA part 2 It is important to distinguish between different kinds of work placements. Skill would welcome clarification as to which placements will be covered by the amendments to the DDA part 2. Skill has put together this briefing on different types of learning that may include work placements. The examples used are not actual case studies, but reflect the concerns that Skill is aware of, and include situations of which we have been informed. 1Work based learning Work based learning organisations often deliver a large amount of training in the workplace. In a majority of instances trainees are on a Modern Apprenticeship programme and as such are paid as employees therefore are covered under part 2 of the DDA. However, in a substantial minority of cases, trainees are on other programmes where they are taught at a work based training organisation but spend a substantial amount of time on ‘placement’. Skill would presume that these trainees would come under Part 2 under the new regulations. It is certainly essential they do as so much of their programme is delivered in the work place. Tanya is on an office skills course run by a work based learning organisation. Some of her training takes place at the work based learning organisation but Tanya has to attend two substantial work placements. Tanya is a wheelchair user and dyslexic. Some of the adjustments she requires in relation to physical access are that furniture is arranged in a way which allows her free access in her wheelchair and a desk which a wheelchair can fit underneath. In terms of her dyslexia she works best when files etc. are very clearly marked, for example with colour coding. She works much better when using a computer than when having to write down things by hand. Her tutors have visited her work placement with her and can support her with many of the adjustments. However, if they are to be fully implemented they require the active support of her employer and other staff. The employer is clearly disturbed at the fact that Tanya requires these adjustments and mutters that he knows he has duties to his disabled employers but this does not extend to trainees who are merely on work placement. 2Further education Increasingly more and more further education students are going on work placements. In some instances these are students on a vocational NVQ programme. Justine, who is partially sighted, is on an NVQ training course in catering at a further education college. The theoretical and some of the practical parts of the course take place at college but students also have to spend blocks of time in different work places. Two of Justine’s work placements are very accommodating. However the third, a restaurant kitchen, behave in a very unfriendly way. They refuse to print out any recipes in large print saying that this ‘is not their job’ which means that Justine finds it very difficult to carry out her assignments. In the second week they ring up the college and demand that she is removed from the kitchen because they believe that her visual impairment poses a health and safety risk. Her tutor arranges for her to do double time at one of her other placements but this is not ideal as it means that she has a narrower range of experiences than other students on the course. In other cases they are students on an academic programme such as A levels where the work placement is not directly related to their course but is very important in giving them an understanding of how the workplace works and what they might like to do in the future. In some instances they might be students on a more general programme (for example an Entry Level course or a programme for people with learning difficulties). In these cases the purpose of the work placement is to extend their experiences, give them an understanding of the realities of work, and enable them to try out a particular vocational area. Mohammed has learning difficulties and is studying on a life skills course. Part of this course is to have work experience for half a day a week for a term in the local community. Mohammed discusses possible work placements with his tutor and it emerges that he would really like to work in a shop. After writing many letters, Mohammed’s tutor finally manages to arrange for Mohammed to have a work placement one afternoon a week at a local shop. Mohammed’s tutor spent some time at the placement with Mohammed supporting him in how to make the most out of his placement, but he had many students he was responsible for and so could not be there on an ongoing basis. Although Mohammed enjoyed his afternoons at the work placement, the manager of the shop expressed frustration that he was not able to carry out tasks without support and complained about the way in which he was constantly ‘hanging around’ customers which put them off. He said it was not his place to provide support for Mohammed and he needed someone who could ‘get on with the job’. After four weeks the manager sent Mohammed back to the college, saying he wanted someone ‘normal’ next time. 3Higher education In higher education, there are a number of courses that involve vocational work placements. One such example would be that of nursing and midwifery. All such courses have work placements central to them, and rightly so, as they are practical and vocational subjects. However, these placements can be difficult for disabled students. Steve is studying a BSc in Nursing at his local University. In order to complete the degree, students have to pass a number of exams and also undertake three periods of work placements. Steve has dyslexia, which means that his handwriting is poor and so he has asked to be able to type up his patient records. He is also aware that colleagues may think he is more likely to make mistakes on the drugs round, but as all nurses are checked before medication is administered to patients, he thinks this should be ok. Once he is qualified and employed, his employer would make reasonable adjustments such as these under DDA part 2. Despite an excellent track record, the third placement provider refused to make any adjustments for Steve, and spuriously cited Health and Safety law as a reason to expel him from the placement, stating the reason as being because his dyslexia meant he could not do the drug rounds and that his patient records were illegible. Because of this he failed his second year at University and will have to repeat the whole year if he wishes to gain his degree. There are also increasing numbers of sandwich courses on offer from universities, where students undertake a four-year course, of which the second or third year is spent in industry. These placements can be mandatory and without their completion a student may either not be able to progress to the next year of their course or they may not get the extra qualification or recognition that accompanies the completion of the year in industry. Often these placements consist of paid employment, and students are therefore covered by the existing DDA Part 2. However there examples of where students are not paid for these placements. Disabled students may find it more difficult to find a paid placement and so may be more likely to undertake a placement on a voluntary basis. Kerry is studying for a degree in IT. She has MS. As part of her degree, she spends a year in industry. This is a compulsory part of the course, and comes highly recommended by her university, as it will help her to get a job after graduating in a very competitive market. Students are required to complete the placement and also produce a 4000 word report on their placement year, which is worth 10 credits in the final year. Kerry is keen to do a placement, but because of her MS gets turned down from all the places she applies to. Undeterred, she tries instead to find a voluntary placement. She manages to arrange a placement, but her status as an intern means that she is asked to shift boxes and help staff with filing and photocopying, which because of her disability she cannot do. Her colleagues are also very unkind to her because of her disability, and she leaves the placement early, therefore failing the placement year and unable to complete the assignment. Recently, an unpublished survey by AGCAS (the Association of Graduate Careers Advisory Services) showed that disabled students can be just as successful as their non disabled peers in finding graduate employment. This said, they found that there were higher percentages of disabled graduates starting in clerical and secretarial, craft, personal service and sales jobs, as well as in part time and unpaid work. It was concluded that this may be because they may have difficulties in accumulating work experience while they are students. This clearly calls for work placements to be covered by the DDA so that disabled students have an equal chance to progress onto graduate employment after university. 4Self-organised placements There is also a greater emphasis on students finding and arranging work experience themselves, for example in the holiday periods, not on a paid basis. This is becoming increasingly important for students looking to enter employment. The Dearing Report on Higher Education (1997) recommended that all undergraduates should undertake a period of work experience as part of their course, in order to improve employability. This may be seen as even more important for disabled students, who may find it more difficult to progress onto employment after study. Catriona has always dreamed of being a journalist. She is blind, but uses her ‘Braille ‘n’ Speak’ electronic notetaking device to take notes when she interviews people. She previously worked on her school newspaper, and now that she is at college she wants to get some more work experience. She writes to a number of local and regional papers offering to cover stories for them. One paper offers her a few assignments but states that she must be able to use shorthand, as if she goes on assignment in Court, they will not allow electronic notetakers. Her disability means that she is unable to agree to these terms, despite the fact that she could undertake all other kinds of assignment. Although she feels that she has been treated less favourably, she feels unable to appeal because of her status as volunteer. It is hard to make a clear distinction between which of these types of placement could be classed as part of ‘vocational training’ and which not. Some are more directly related to a vocational learning programme. However, they all have the aim of supporting learners in their transition (whether immediate or in the future) to employment. Currently disabled people are significantly under-represented in paid employment, and it is important that any support possible is given to them to change this situation. A successful work placement is a very important factor in helping this to happen. These periods of work placement also form an integral part of an individual’s learning programme. If a disabled person is discriminated against in the workplace or does not have an essential reasonable adjustment made for them, this may well result in them dropping out of the placement and hence failing a particular part of their course. Under DDA Part 4 education providers currently have a responsibility to disabled learners when on work experience. The education provider has a responsibility to prepare both the student and the placement provider for the placement, and set up the necessary support. However, there is only so far they can go in ensuring discrimination does not take place and in making reasonable adjustments to the work placement. For example they can insist on a statement from the employer but cannot actually ensure that no discrimination takes place; they can suggest that, for example, furniture needs to be rearranged in order to accommodate a wheelchair user, but cannot actually authorise its movement. This can only be assured if employers themselves have duties to people on work placements as they already do towards their employees.

Web Accessibility: How Improving Online Communication for the Blind Aid

Many businesses struggle in today’s sluggish economy. According to ShopperTrak’s National Retail Sales Estimate, total retail sales for Christmas week 2010 dropped 4.1 percent and foot traffic in brick-and-mortar stores fell 6.1 percent (Christmas Week Retail Sales). To increase sales, companies must look for new marketing ideas and revenue streams. Two ideas are using Web advertising and creating online storefronts— ‘click-and-mortar’ stores versus ‘brick-and-mortar’ stores (Journal of Interactive Advertising 2002). Companies also target the massive â€Å"Baby Boomer Generation† to appeal to larger audiences. Businesses increase their Web presence effectively and efficiently by creating sites that appeal to the aging Baby Boomers and to all visually impaired people. They create these sites by using Web accessibility. The term visually impaired describes people reporting difficulty seeing even while wearing corrective lenses as well as those who are blind, according to the American Foundation of the Blind (Facts and Figures). The World Health Organization (WHO) divides vision into four categories: normal vision, moderate visual impairment, severe visual impairment, and blindness. Low vision includes individuals having â€Å"moderate visual impairment† and â€Å"severe visually impairment.† The low vision category includes legally blind individuals; the Braille Institute defines a legally blind person as someone who â€Å"central vision acuity† is 20/200 or less even with corrective lenses, such as glass or contact lenses. Low vision and blindness comprise the spectrum of visual impairment. The WHO states that glaucoma, cataracts, and â€Å"uncorrected refractive errors, such as myopia and astigmatism, are the major causes of visual impairment worldwide. ... ...C/q/id/53349/t/2>. Steinfeld, Charles. â€Å"Understanding Click and Mortar E-Commerce Approaches: A Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda.† Journal of Interactive Advertising. 2.2. Spring 2002. Print. Tim Berners-Lee: Bio. World Wide Web Consortium, 30 April 2010. Web. 10 April 2011. . United States. Census Bureau. Americans With Disabilities: 2005. Washington: GPO, 2008. Print. 29 USC. Sec. 794d. 1998. Print. US Web Retail Sales to Reach $249 Bln by '14-Study. Reuters, 8 March 2010. Web. 7 April 2011. . Vision Loss Rate Expected to Double as Boomers Age. SeniorLiving, n.d. Web. 8 April 2011. . World Health Organization, April 2011. Web. 6 April 2011. .

Night World : Huntress Chapter 1

It's simple,† Jez said on the night of the last hunt of her life. â€Å"You run. We chase. If we catch you, you die. Well give you three minutes head start.† The skinhead gang leader in front of her didn't move. He had a pasty face and shark eyes. He was standing tensely, trying to look tough, but Jez could see the little quiver in his leg muscles. Jez flashed him a smile. â€Å"Pick a weapon,† she said. Her toe nudged the pile at her feet. There was a lot of stuff there- guns, knives, baseball bats, even a few spears. â€Å"Hey, take more than one. Take as many as you want. My treat.† There was a stifled giggle from behind her and Jez made a sharp gesture to stop it. Then there was silence. The two gangs stood facing each other, six skinhead thugs on one side and Jez's gang on the other. Except that Jez's people weren't exactly normal gang members. The skinhead leader's eyes shifted to the pile. Then he made a sudden lunge and came up with something in his hand. A gun, of course. They always picked guns. This particular gun was the kind it was illegal to buy inCalifornia these days, a large caliber semiautomatic assault weapon. The skinhead whipped it up and held it pointed straight at Jez. Jez threw back her head and laughed. Everyone was staring at her-and that was fine. She looked great and she knew it. Hands on her hips, red hair tumbling over her shoulders and down her back, fine-boned face tipped to the sky-yeah, she looked good. Tall and proud and fierce†¦ and very beautiful. She was Jez Redfern, the huntress. She lowered her chin and fixed the gang leader with eyes that were neither silver nor blue but some color in between. A color he never could have seen before, because no human had eyes like that. He didn't get the clue. He didn't seem like the brightest. â€Å"Chase this,† he said, and he fired the gun. Jez moved at the last instant. Not that metal through the chest would have seriously hurt her, but it might have knocked her backward and she didn't want that She'd just taken over the leadership of the gang from Morgead, and she didn't want to show any weakness. The bullet passed through her left arm. There was a little explosion of blood and a sharp flash of pain as it fractured the bone before passing on through. Jez narrowed her eyes, but held on to her smile. Then she glanced down at her arm and lost the smile, hissing. She hadn't considered the damage to her sleeve. Now there was a bloody hole in it. Why didn't she ever think about these things? â€Å"Do you know how much leather costs? Do you know how much aNorthBeach jacket costs?† She advanced on the skinhead leader. He was blinking and hyperventilating. Trying to figure out how she'd moved so fast and why she wasn't yelling in agony. He aimed the gun and fired again. And again, each time more wildly. Jez dodged. She didn't want any more holes. The flesh of her arm was already healing, closing up and smoothing over. Too bad her jacket couldn't do the same. She reached the skinhead without getting hit again and grabbed him by the front of his green and black Air Force flight jacket. She lifted him, one handed, until the steel toes of his Doc Marten boots just cleared the ground. â€Å"You better run, boy,† she said. Then she threw him. He sailed through the air a remarkable distance and bounced off a tree. He scrambled up, his eyes showing white with terror, his chest heaving. He looked at her, looked at his gang, then turned and started running through the redwoods. The other gang members stared after him for a moment before diving for the weapons pile. Jez watched them, frowning. They'd just seen how effective bullets were against people like her, but they still went for the guns, passing by perfectly good split-bamboo knives, yew arrows, and a gorgeous snakewood walking stick. And then things were noisy for a while as the skinheads came up from the pile and started firing. Jez's gang dodged easily, but an exasperated voice sounded in Jez's head. Can we go after them now? Or do you want to show off some more? She flicked a glance behind her. Morgead Blackthorn was seventeen, a year older than she, and her worst enemy. He was conceited, hotheaded, stubborn, and power-hungry-and it didn't help that he was always saying she was all those things, too. â€Å"I told them three minutes,† she said out loud. â€Å"You want me to break my word?† And for that instant, while she was snarling at him, she forgot to keep track of bullets. The next thing she knew Morgead was knocking her backward. He was lying on top of her. Something whizzed over both of them and hit a tree, spraying bark. Morgead's gem-green eyes glared down into hers. â€Å"But†¦ they're .. . not. . . running,† he said with exaggerated patience. â€Å"In case you hadn't noticed.† He was too close. His hands were on either side of her head. His weight was on her. Jez kicked him off, furious with him and appalled at herself. â€Å"This is my game. I thought of it. We play it my way!† she yelled. The skinheads were scattering anyway. They'd finally realized that shooting was pointless. They were running, crashing through the sword fern. â€Å"Okay, now!† Jez said. â€Å"But the leader's mine.† There was a chorus of shouts and hunting calls from her gang. Val, the biggest and always the most impatient, dashed off first, yelling something like â€Å"Yeeeeeehaw.† Then Thistle and Raven went, the slight blond and the tall dark girl sticking together as always. Pierce hung back, staring with his cold eyes at a tree, waiting to give his prey the illusion of escaping. Jez didn't look to see what Morgead was doing. Why should she care? She started off in the direction the skinhead leader had taken. But she didn't exactly take his path. She went through the trees, jumping from one redwood to another. The giant sequoias were the best; they had the thickest branches, although the wart like bulges called burls on the coastal redwoods were good landing places, too. Jez jumped and grabbed and jumped again, occasionally doing acrobatic flips when she caught a branch just for the fun of it. She loved Muir Woods. Even though all the wood around her was deadly-or maybe because it was. She liked taking risks. And the place was beautiful: the cathedral silence, the mossy greenness, the resinous smell. Last week they'd hunted seven gang members throughGolden GatePark . It had been enjoyable, but not really private, and they couldn't let the humans fight back much. Gunshots in the park would attract attention. Muir Woods had been Jez's idea- they could kidnap the gang members and bring them here where nobody would disturb them. They would give them weapons. It would be a real hunt, with real danger. Jez squatted on a branch to catch her breath. There just wasn't enough real danger in the world, she thought. Not like the old days, when there were still vampire hunters left in the Bay Area. Jez's parents had been killed by vampire hunters. But now that they'd all been eliminated, there wasn't anything really scary anymore†¦. She froze. There was an almost inaudible crunching in the pine needles ahead of her. Instantly she was on the move again, leaping fearlessly off the branch into space, landing on the spongy pine-needle carpet with her knees bent. She turned and stood face-to-face with the skinhead. â€Å"Hey there,† she said.

Application of Colloids

Applications of Colloids| Colloids play a very important role in nature, in our daily life and in industry. Some of the important applications of colloids are discussed below. 1. Food stuffs and medicines:  Many of our food stuffs are colloidal in nature. Milk, butter, whipped cream, fruit jellies, ice cream, bread etc. are all colloidal in nature. For example, milk is an emulsion of butter fat in water, stabilized by milk protein (casein). Ice cream is a dispersion of colloidal ice particles in cream. Similarly, bread consists of air dispersed in baked dough.Colloidal medicines are more effective and are easily absorbed by the body system. Therefore a large number of pharmaceutical preparations are emulsions. Halibut-liver oil, cod-liver oil, skin ointments etc. are emulsions. Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin etc. are usually injected in the body in colloidal form. Several metal sols are also used as medicines. 2. Purification of water:  In water works, water is usua lly purified by the addition of certain electrolytes such as potash alum, aluminium sulphate etc. This involves the phenomenon of coagulation.The impure water usually contains dispersed colloidal particles which cannot be removed by filtration. When potash alum is added to impure water, the negatively charged colloidal particles of impurities get coagulated by the action of Al3+  ions furnished by the alum and can be removed by filtration or decantation. 3. Sewage disposal:  Sewage water contains particles of dirt, mud etc. which are colloidal in nature and carry some electrical charge. These particles may be removed by using the phenomenon of electrophoresis.The sewage water is passed through a tunnel fitted with metallic electrodes and maintained at a high potential difference. The colloidal particles present in the sewage water migrate to the oppositely charged electrodes and get coagulated. This solves the problem of sewage disposal. Moreover, the rubbish matter obtained on account of the coagulation of colloidal dirt particles may be used as manure. | 4. Smoke precipitation:  Smoke is colloidal system and consists of electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon dispersed in air. As smoke is a big source of pollution.It is always desirable to precipitate it, i. e. , to remove colloidal carbon particles present in it. The removal of colloidal carbon particles from smoke can be effected by using the phenomenon of electrophoresis. This is achieved in an apparatus called Cottrell precipitator as shown in figure. Smoke is allowed to pass through a chamber having a number of metal plates attached to a metal wire connected to a source of high potential (20,000 to 70,000V). The electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon and dust get discharged when come in contact with the oppositely charged plates and fall down to the bottom.The clean hot air leaves the precipitator from an exit near the top. 5. Artificial rain:  Clouds are colloidal systems and consist of water vapour mixed with dust particles. The water molecules present in a cloud develop some electrical charge. Therefore, clouds can be made to rain by neutralizing the charge present on colloidal particles (water molecules). This type of rain is called artificial rain and may be carried out by spraying oppositely charged colloidal dust or sand particles over a cloud. This neutralizes the charge on water molecules and compels them to get coagulated, i. . to rain. 6. Rubber industry:  Latex obtained from rubber trees is an emulsion consisting of a dispersion of negatively charged rubber particles in water. In order to obtain rubber from latex, the latter is boiled when rubber particles get coagulated. The coagulated mass is vulcanized and sold as natural rubber. Rubber-plated articles can be prepared directly from latex by electrically depositing the negatively charged rubber particles over the article to be rubber-plated by making the article an anode in the rubber -plating bath. 7.Leather tanning:  During the tanning of leather, the positively charged colloidal particles of raw skin and hides are coagulated by the negatively charged tanning materials which include tannin and compounds of aluminium and chromium. On soaking hides in the solutions of tanning materials, the coagulation of negatively charged tanning materials takes place in the pores of hides and the latter get hardened. 8. Cleansing action of soaps:  Soaps solution is colloidal in nature and removes dirt and oil from clothes by forming water soluble emulsion as explained earlier. . Smoke screen:  In chemical warfare, smoke screens are generally used to hide the movement of troops. Smoke screens are the colloidal dispersions of very fine particles of titanium oxide in air. 10. Formation of delta:  When a river falls into the sea, extensive deposits of sand and clay are formed at the mouth of the river in the sea. Such deposits are called delta. The river water contains col loidal particles of sand and clay which carry negative charge. The sea water contains a number of positive ions such as Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+  ion etc.When the river water comes in contact with sea water, the negative charge present on colloidal sand and clay particles get neutralized by the positively charged ions (present in sea water) and they get coagulated. The coagulated sand and clay particles settle down and take the shape of delta in due course of time. 11. Blue colour of the sky:  The sky is the empty space around earth and as such has no colour. It appears blue due to the scattering of light by the colloidal dust particles present in air (Tyndall effect). 12. Preparation of Nano-materials:  Nano-materials which are used as catalyst are prepared by using reverse micelles. 3. Building roads:  Now a day, roads are built asphalt emulsified in water. This technique does not require the necessity of melting the asphalt. 14. Metallurgical operations:  Several metal ores are concentrated by froth floatation process. This process involves the treatment of the pulverized ore in emulsion of pine oil. What are the Applications of Colloids? Colloids play a very significant role in nature and in our daily life. Some of the important applications of colloids are discussed below: 1) Medicines: Medicines in colloidal form are easily adsorbed by the body tissues and hence are more effective. ) Sewage disposal: Colloidal particles of the dirt, mud etc. carry electric charge, hence when sewage water is passed through the plates kept at a high potential, the colloidal particles are coagulated due to electrophoresis and the suspended matter gets removed. 3) Purification of water: The precipitation of colloidal impurities present in water can be done by adding certain electrolytes like alum etc. the negatively charged colloidal particles of impurities get neutralized by the Al3+ ions and settle down and pure water can be decanted off. 4) Cleansing action of soap: Soap solution is colloidal in nature.It removes the dirt particles either by adsorption or by emulsifying the greasy matter sticking to the cloth. 5) Formation of Delta: River water contains charged colloidal particles of clay, sand and many other materials. Sea water is very big store house of a variety of electrolytes dissolved in it. As soon as river water comes in contact with sea water coagulate the suspended colloidal particles which ultimately settle down at the point of contact. Thus the level of the river bed rises. As a result, water adopts a different course and delta is formed in due course of time. ) Smoke precipitation: Smoke particles are actually electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon in the air. Precipitation of smoke particles is carried out by Cottrell precipitator which is based on the principle of electrophoresis. Smoke is allowed to pass through a chamber having a number of metal plates attached to a metal wire connected to a source of high potential. C harged particles of smoke get attracted by oppositely charge electrode get precipitated after losing their charge and the hot air passes out through the chimney.The dust particles are also removed in this process. Thus the nuisance of smoke in big industrial cities can be avoided. 7) Photography: A colloidal solution of silver bromide in gelatin is applied on glass plates or celluloid films or paper to from sensitive plates in photography. 8 ) Artificial rain: Artificial rain can be caused by spraying oppositely charged colloidal dust or sand particles over a cloud. The colloidal water particles present in the cloud will be neutralized and coagulate to from bigger water drops causing artificial rain. 9) Rubber industry:Latex is a colloidal solution of negatively charged rubber particles. From latex, rubber can be obtained by coagulation. Rubber plated articles are prepared by depositing negatively charged rubber particles over the article to be rubber plated by making that article a n anode in a rubber plating bath. 10) Smoke screen: In warfare smoke screens are used which are nothing but colloidal dispersion of certain substances in the air. 11) Other applications: a) Blue color of the sky is due to the scattering of light by colloidal dust particles in air (Tyndall effect).Similarly, sea water looks blue due to scattering of light by the colloidal impurities present in sea water. b) Tail of comets is seen as a Tyndall cone due to the scattering of light by the tiny solid particles left by the comet in its path. c) Blood is a colloidal solution and the stoppage of bleeding on applying ferric chloride solution is due to coagulation of blood forming a clot. Colloids-Chemistry and Applications What are Colloids ? In a true solution as sugar or salt in water, the solute particles are dispersed in the solvent as single molecules or ions.Thus the diameter of the dispersed particles ranges from 1A to 10 A. On the other hand, in a suspension as sand stirred into water , the dispersed particles are aggregates of millions of molecules. The diameter of these particles is of the order 2,000 A or more. Applications of Colloids Colloids play an important role in our daily life and industry. A knowledge of colloid chemistry is essential to understand some of the various natural phenomena around us. Colloids make up some of our modern products. A few of the important applications of colloids are listed below. (1) Foods:Many of our foods are colloidal in nature.Milk is an emulsion of butterfat in water protected by a protein, casein. Salad dressing, gelatin deserts, fruit jellies and whipped cream are other examples. Ice cream is a dispersion of ice in cream. Bread is a dispersion of air in baked dough. (2) Medicines: Colloidal medicines being finely divided, are more effective and are easily absorbed in our system. Halibut-liver oil and cod-liver that we take are, in fact, the emulsions of the respective oils in water. Many ointments for application to s kin consist of physiologically active components dissolved in oil and made into an emulsion with water.Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin are produced in colloidal form suitable for injections. (3) Non-drip or thixotropic paints: All paints are colloidal dispersions of solid pigments in a liquid medium. The modern nondrip or thixotropic paints also contain long-chain polymers. At rest, the chains of molecules are coiled and entrap much dispersion medium. Thus the paint is a semisolid gel structure. When shearing stress is applied with a paint brush, the coiled molecules straighten and the entrapped medium is released. As soon as the brush is removed, the liquid paint reverts to the semisolid form.This renders the paint ‘non-drip’. (4) Electrical precipitation of smoke: The smoke coming from industrial plants is a colloidal dispersion of solid particles (carbon, arsenic compounds, cement dust) in air. It is a nuisance and pollutes the atmosphere. Therefore, before allowing the smoke to escape into air, it is treated by Cottrell Precipitator. The smoke is let past a series of sharp points charged to a high potential (20,000 to 70,000 V). The points discharge high velocity electrons that ionise molecules in air. Smoke particles adsorb these positive ions and become charged.The charged particles are attracted to the oppositely charged electrodes and get precipitated. The gases that leave the Cottrell precipitator are thus freed from smoke. In addition, valuable materials may be recovered from the precipitated smoke. For example, arsenic oxide is mainly recovered from the smelter smoke by this method. (5) Clarification of Municipal water: The municipal water obtained from natural sources often contains colloidal particles. The process of coagulation is used to remove these. The sol particles carry a negative charge.When aluminium sulphate (alum) is added to water, a gelatinous precipitate of hydrated aluminium hydroxide (floc) is formed, A l3+ + 3H2O —- Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al(OH)3 + 4H2O + H+ —– Al(OH)3(H2O)4 The positively charged floc attracts to it negative sol particles which are coagulated. The floc along with the suspended matter comes down, leaving the water clear. (6) Artificial Kidney machine:  The human kidneys purify the blood by dialysis through natural membranes. The toxic waste  products such as urea and uric acid pass through the membranes, while colloidal-sized particles of  blood proteins (haemoglobin) are retained.Kidney failure, therefore, leads to death due to accumulation  of poisonous waste products in blood . Now-a-days, the patient’s blood can be cleansed by shunting  it into an ‘artificial kidney machine’. Here the impure blood is made to pass through a series of  cellophane tubes surrounded by a washing solution in water. The toxic waste chemicals (urea, uric  acid) diffuse across the tube walls into the washing solution. The purified blood is returned to the  patient. The use of artificial kidney machine saves the life of thousands of persons each year.The phenomenon of the scattering of light by the sol particles is called Tyndall effect. (7) Blue colour of the sky:  This is an application of Tyndall effect. The upper atmosphere contains colloidal dust or ice  particles dispersed in air. As the sun rays enter the atmosphere these strike the colloidal  particles. The particles absorb sunlight and scatter light of blue colour (4600–5100A). The light that  Ã‚  is incident at earth’s surface is considerably reddened due to the removal of most of the blue light in  the upper atmosphere.

Polar Molecule Definition and Examples

Polar Molecule Definition and Examples Polar Molecule  Definition A polar molecule is a molecule containing polar bonds where the sum of all the bonds dipole moments is not zero. Polar bonds form when there is a difference between the electronegativity values of the atoms participating in a bond. Polar molecules also form when the spatial arrangement of chemical bonds leads to more positive charge on one side of the molecule than the other.​ Examples of Polar Molecules Water (H2O) is a polar molecule. The bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are distributed so that the hydrogen atoms are both on one side of the oxygen atom, rather than evenly spaced. The oxygen side of the molecule has a slight negative charge, while the side with the hydrogen atoms has a slight positive charge.Ethanol is polar because the oxygen atoms attract electrons because of their higher electronegativity than other atoms in the molecule. Thus the -OH group in ethanol has a slight negative charge.Ammonia (NH3) is polar.Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is polar.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is polar. Carbon dioxide is made up of polar bonds, but the dipole moments cancel each other out and therefore is not a polar molecule. Predicting Polarity and Nonpolarity Whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar is a matter of its geometry. If one end of the molecule has a positive charge, while the other end has a negative charge, the molecule is polar. If a charge is evenly distributed around a central atom, the molecule is nonpolar.

What You Should Know About Nigeria

What You Should Know About Nigeria Population: 152,217,341 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: AbujaBordering Countries: Benin, Cameroon, Chad, NigerLand Area: 356,667 square miles (923,768 sq km)Coastline: 530 miles (853 km)Highest Point: Chappal Waddi at 7,936 feet (2,419 m)Nigeria is a country located in West Africa along the Atlantic Oceans Gulf of Guinea. Its land borders are with Benin to the west, Cameroon, and Chad to the east and Niger to the north. Nigerias main ethnic groups are Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. It is the most populous country in Africa and its economy is considered one of the fastest growing in the world. Nigeria is known for being the regional center of West Africa. History of Nigeria Nigeria has a long history that dates back as far as 9000 B.C.E. as shown in archaeological records. The earliest cities in Nigeria were the northern cities of Kano and Katsina that started around 1000 C.E. Around 1400, the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo was founded in the southwest and reach its height from the 17th to the 19th century. Around this same time, European traders began establishing ports for the slave trade to the Americas. In the 19th century, this changed to the trading of goods like palm oil and timber. In 1885, the British claimed a sphere of influence over Nigeria and in 1886, the Royal Niger Company was established. In 1900, the area became controlled by the British government and in 1914 it became the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Throughout the mid-1900s and especially after World War II, the people of Nigeria began pushing for independence. In October 1960, it came when it was established as a federation of three regions with a parliamentary government. In 1963 however, Nigeria proclaimed itself a federal republic and drafted a new constitution. Throughout the 1960s, Nigerias government was unstable as it underwent several governmental overthrows; its prime minister was assassinated and was engaged in a civil war. Following the civil war, Nigeria focused on economic development and in 1977, after several more years of government instability, the country drafted a new constitution. Political corruption remained throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s though and 1983, the Second Republic government as it came to be known was overthrown. In 1989, the Third Republic began and in the early 1990s, government corruption remained and there were several attempts to again overthrown the government. Finally, in 1995, Nigeria began to transition into a civilian rule. In 1999 a new constitution and in May of that same year, Nigeria became a democratic nation after years of political instability and military rule. Olusegun Obasanjo was the first president during this time and he worked to improve Nigerias infrastructure, the governments relationship with its people and its economy. In 2007, Obasanjo stepped down as president. Umaru YarAdua then became the president of Nigeria and he vowed to reform the countrys elections, fight its crime problems and continue working on economic growth. On May 5, 2010, YarAdua died and Goodluck Jonathan became the president of Nigeria on May 6. Government of Nigeria Nigerias government is considered a federal republic and it has a legal system based on English common law, Islamic law (in its northern states) and traditional laws. Nigerias executive branch is made up of a chief of state and a head of government- both of which are filled by the president. It also has a bicameral National Assembly consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Nigerias judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court and the Federal Court of Appeal. Nigeria is divided into 36 states and one territory for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Nigeria Although Nigeria has long had problems of political corruption and a lack of infrastructure it is rich in natural resources like oil and recently its economy has begun to grow into one of the fastest in the world. However, oil alone provides 95% of its foreign exchange earnings. Nigerias other industries include coal, tin, columbite, rubber products, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, and steel. Nigerias agricultural products are cocoa, peanuts, cotton, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, rubber, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, timber, and fish. Geography and Climate of Nigeria Nigeria is a large country that has a varied topography. It is about twice the size of the U.S. state of California and is located between Benin and Cameroon. In the south, it has lowlands that climb into hills and plateaus in the central part of the country. In the southeast, there are mountains while the north consists mainly of plains. Nigerias climate also varies but the center and the south are tropical due to their locations near the equator, while the north is arid. More Facts about Nigeria Life expectancy in Nigeria is 47 years of ageEnglish is Nigerias official language but Hausa, Igbo Yoruba, Fulani, and Kanuri are others that are spoken in the countryLagos, Kano, and Ibadan are the largest cities in Nigeria References Central Intelligence Agency. (1 June 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Nigeria. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Nigeria: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107847.htmlUnited States Department of State. (12 May 2010). Nigeria. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htmWikipedia.com. (30 June 2010). Nigeria - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria

Organizational Srtucture Shapes Corporate Culture and Influences Essay

Organizational Srtucture Shapes Corporate Culture and Influences Organizational Change - Essay Example For example, formal, even bureaucratic as opposed to liberal or lenient relations. Structure also includes the allocation of power in an organisation, whether concentrated in the hands of a few people or there is sharing of power and decision making at all levels. Organisational culture can be understood as a â€Å"the shared set of assumptions, beliefs, values and behavioural patterns of a group, that guide that group’s perceptions, judgments, and actions† (Levin 2000, p.83). Its significance is related to its ability to influence the activities of members and the functioning of the organization without particular control measures (Awal, Rongione, Klinger et al 2006). Poole and Van de Ven (2004, p.xi) define organizational change as a â€Å"difference in form, quality, or state over time in an organizational entity† which may differ from an individual’s job, a work group, an organisational subunit, or the overall organisation. Change may be planned, unpla nned, incremental, radical, recurrent, or unprecedented. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to critically discuss the extent to which an organisation’s structure shapes its culture, and impacts its ability to transform itself. Different Management Styles: Effects on Organisational Performance Over recent years, the role of present-day managers has become increasingly empowered, with a more networking, consensus-seeking approach (Reigle 2001). Different management styles have their distinctive effects on organisational performance, and the effectiveness of organisations. Management style pertains to â€Å"how the leader approaches opportunities, what he or she chooses to emphasize, to defer and to delegate to others† (Krause 2007, p.19), based on managers’ traits. Research evidence indicates transformational style as the most beneficial for driving safety and for creating a high performance culture. According to Early and Davenport (2010, p.59), †Å"transformational leadership and transactional leadership are very different styles of leadership, but they are not mutually exclusive and can be complementary if employed correctly†. Additionally, an individual can have and develop skills required to be both a transactional and transformational leader. Transformational managers invoke colleagues and followers to view their work from new perspectives; they generate awareness of the mission or vision of the team and organization; managers guide employees to achieve their highest levels of potential; motivate colleagues to work for the larger interest of the group and the organization. This leadership style attempts to engage the employees’ creativity and loyalty, thus achieving a higher level of commitment and effort from employees. Tranformational behaviors include idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and inspirational motivation. Idealized influence is the leaders’ sharin g of vision and sense of mission with employees, and the proposal of radical, innovative solutions to critical problems (Early & Davenport 2010). Transactional leadership occurs when a leader â€Å"rewards or disciplines a follower depending on the adequacy of the follower’s performance† (Early & Davenport 2010, p.59). Transactional leadership is closely associated with traditional models and strategies employed in leadership theory. In

Starbucks Going Global Fast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Starbucks Going Global Fast - Essay Example Customers can get a cup of Starbucks right around the corner. Also, Starbucks is the first to offer free Wi-Fi to their customers and has introduced Starbucks prepaid cards to speed up check out time. These convenient and innovative services increase customers’ satisfaction. The biggest weakness for Starbucks comes with dissatisfaction among its employees. They have mainly concerned that the company’s remunerations packages are not commensurate with the amount of work considering the huge customer base that it enjoys. Their general feeling is that they are being underpaid and this could translate into poor services to customers. Therefore, Starbucks has to change their employment strategies and boost employee satisfaction levels so as to ensure quality products and services to their customers. Just like any other company in business Starbucks also has its opportunities and threats to its business. The first opportunities lie in its vastness, growth pace and brand recognition. Starbucks has opened its doors to global expansion thus creating lots of room for growth and gaining global status. It is true that the sales are vast but the threats in foreign countries are unforeseeable. For instance, there are cultural and preferences differences in foreign countries that Starbucks must cope with. Additionally, Starbucks faces competition from other companies in the ready to drink beverages market hence must ensure its service standards remain at the top in order to maintain the leadership position. The main problem facing Starbucks as it expands internationally revolves around strategy. The company has to develop several new strategies to increase sales and further expansion in the competitive beverage industry especially when it comes to new markets like in Japan. Although Starbucks has been in Japan for more than 10 years, it carries out its business as an American company.

Post Enron - Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Post Enron - - Research Proposal Example This general understanding of corporate governance and ethics is not sector specific as companies are very unique from one another in terms of size and internal working culture. Poor corporate governance and enforcement hurdles are widely viewed as the structural weakness that resulted to the economic downturn experienced in the late 2008 (Sun, Stewart & Pollard, 2011). The banks that suffered credit crunch were well aware of impending problems but could not alert shareholders and the government about the impending tough economic times. Early detection necessitates adoption of proactive measures that help companies go through tough times. Introduction Corporate governance is the set of guidelines, legislations and processes that directs business operations in any given country. These laws define the relationships existing between top company management with its board of directors, stockholders, employees, suppliers and clients. There are other external publics which the company direc tly or indirectly interacts with in the course of its operations. These include the government, regulatory authorities and the neighbouring community. Corporate governance laws also determine the lines of congruence that the company has with the external business environment. These rules vary from place to place depending on the economic models countries adopt. For instance, some protectionist countries have laws limiting disclosure of local company information to limit economic spying. Despite existing legislations aimed at reducing corporate malpractices, there have been widespread allegations of bribery scandals pitting American multinationals with foreign governments. A New York Times article by David Barstow dated April 21st, 2012 gave alarming reports of Wal-Mart’s Mexican retail outlet involvement in corrupt practices with Mexican public officials. It is alleged that the company’s internal sleuths found that the executives had authorised payments, adding to arou nd 25million dollars, to these recipients so that they can obtain construction permits without doing an environmental impact assessment (Barstow, 2012). This is a big corporate governance issue because of the ripple effects it has caused to both the Mexican and American governments. According to Barstow (2012), to add to the graft accusations, the management is accused of concealing this internal audit information from the top management; this is against the public information disclosure laws set under the American financial sector management guidelines. Wal-Mart has the obligation to make open its internal audit reports since it is a publicly trading company; this is the reason it’s share trading prices fell by over 5 percentage points the next day after the allegations were made public. The Mexican government is establishing the country’s first anti graft law which is meant to stem economic crimes. This is according to Ivan Castano, in his article dated April 27th, 2 012, in response to these alarming allegations that has the potential of eroding the good gains made by the Mexican authorities in tackling economic crimes. The government has moved zealously to get to the bottom of the claims and punish the culprits to improve business environment that is just recovering from drug wars (Castano, 2012). Pedro Hernandez, a partner at

Marriage Between The Prophet Hosea And Gomer Religion Essay

Marriage Between The Prophet Hosea And Gomer Religion Essay At the centre of the Hebrew Bible in the book of Hosea chapters one and three, lays a controversy about the marriage between the prophet Hosea and Gomer the harlot. But Hosea 3:1 seems to be an interpretation of Hosea 1: 2. Taking these passages as historically true may defeat the nature of the righteousness of God. Moreover, the name, Gomer, also seems to be not historically true because of its being both a masculine and feminine. Therefore the narratives may not be a real historical reflection of the marital unfaithfulness but it may have meant to convey the message of Yahweh. The discussion of this subject will therefore, include; who was Hosea, who was Gomer, the metaphor for the unfaithful marriage and then conclusion. HOSEA: Hosea (Hoshea-saviour) was an eighth century prophet -a mouthpiece of Yahweh. He prophesied in the Northern Kingdom, which was under King Jeroboam II (Hosea 1: 1). The reign of Jeroboam was characterized by material prosperity but it was morally reeking and rotten due to idolatry as attested in Hosae 4:2 and 2 Kings 14: 23-29 (Halley, 1957: 321). Israel had committed great harlotry by forsaking the Lord (Hosea1: 2). The great sin that Israel had committed, compelled God to command Hosea to demonstrate it through his personal life. Hosea, a prophet and a staunch patriot of Yahwhism, received the message from Yahweh. The prophet was commanded to go and marry Gomer, a prostitute (Hosea 1:2). The marriage between the prophet and a prostitute is surrounded by controversies as recorded in Hosea chapters One and Three. The controversies include the doubtful possibility of Yahweh to expose Yahwehs prophet to a prostitute. However, scholars have said that the drama between Hosea and Gomer is a metaphor that demonstrates the unconditional love of God for Israel and humanity at large. The message was complex as Hosea spoke both of disaster and hope for restoration. By disaster he warned that the Assyrians would come to invade them. The demonstration involves the unfaithful marital drama between Hosea and Gomer his wife. This is seen in Hosea 1:2 and 3:1-2 where God commands Hosea to marry a prostitute and he repeated the command saying go again and love a prostitute. From these two texts, Gomer is seen as a prostitute before marrying Hosea. And she continued being unfaithful to her husband to the extent of defecting him for other men. Speculatively, the harlot in chapter three whom God commanded Hosea to marry again may be Gomer though the Bible does not mention the name Gomer. GOMER: The name seems to be masculine (Genesis 10: 2), but Hosea depicts it as a feminine name. Gomer was the wife of Hosea. She had three children and only the first-born is portrayed as a legitimate child of Hosea. The other two children were born out of wed log. The scripture records that Gomer left her husband-Hosea for other men. Therefore, the Bible depicts Gomer as a prostitute. Therefore, it is vital that the type of prostitution she indulged in is stressed precisely from scholarly point of view. Scholars have interpreted the first three chapters of Hosea in different ways (Hinson, 1992: 168). However, James Hastings suggests that Gomer was a temple prostitute (Hastings 1963: 398). This type of prostitution was common in Canaan as Werner Keller puts it; In Canaan in those days the cult of sensuality was regarded as the worship of the gods, temple took the place of brothels, men and women prostitutes ranked as sacred to the followers of the religion, their rewards for their services went into the temple treasuries as an offering for the god (Keller, 1956: 262). From this understanding, it is possible to conclude that Gomer could have been a temple prostitutes as Hastings puts it, Gomer was, before marriage, a temple prostitute (Hastings, 1963: 398). Further, it is uncertain that Yahweh, who is worthy, could allow his prophet to marry a prostitute. Prostitutes or adulterous women were deserved to be stoned to death and not to be take back to their marital homes (Psalm 85; Deuteronomy 22:20). Nevertheless, it has been the nature of God to reveal His plan in both words and actions as seen in Isaiah 20:1-6 and in Jeremiah 28:10f. Therefore, the metaphor could mean that Yahweh was transmitting his message through this drama. THE METAPHOR FOR THE UNFAITHFUL MARRIAGE: In this drama, Hosea is the representation of God who loves both the righteous and the sinner but hates sin. Gomer represent the Israelites who became broke the covenant made between them and God. The names of their children signify the attitude that God had developed against Israel due to idolatry (Hosea 1:4, 6, 9). Meanings of the names; The names of the children born in this unfaithful marriage show that the time of God (kairos) to punish Israel had come (Jezreel). Lo-ruhamah meant that God had no longer mercy for Israelites and Lo-ammi meant that Israel had rejected God. But later, Yahweh changed His mind and decided to forgive Israel (Halley, 1957: 317) as demonstrated by Hosea who redeemed his wife from playing harlotry. Hosea also is depicted as having accepted to keep the two illegitimate children. This shows how inclusive the love of God is. Hoseas attitude towards Gomer; Though with great pain and love of losing her in such a dramatic way, Hosea followed, called and redeemed his wife to himself. This is the exactly picture of God who is constantly mindful of human kind as portrayed in Psalm 8: 4. This is also depicted in the incarnation of Christ in the dispensation of salvation for humanity. As Hosea redeemed his wife, so is God ready to redeem humanity from any apostasy life as well as the bondage of sin despite being sinful (Romans 5: 8). In this view, the marital unfaithfulness represents how Israel became unfaithful to God by broking the Sinai covenant that was made between them and God as seen below. Defection and restoration of the covenant; The drama was the reminder to the Israelites that they were a holy nation. They were unique by having entered a relationship with God through a Sinai covenant. John Miller states that God, in the wilderness, initiated the covenant after the Israelites escape from Egypt. God showed the tender love for Israel. And this love is likened to the love for an infant who is dearly loved by the parent (Miller, 1987: 80). In this exclusive covenant, Israel is seen as a wife while Yahweh is the husband (Hastings, 1963:506). But Israel broke this covenant and became unfaithful to God by indulging in idolatry. This departure from worshipping Yahweh to other gods is likened to prostitution, which was rampant in temples (Miller, 1987:82). And of course sexual activity is a natural pattern of humanity. From this explanation, sacred prostitution implanted a belief of increasing prosperity and fertility, for example, agricultural product, as Israelites were an agrarian people. They depended on agriculture. Therefore they could not avoid adopting worshipping of Baal; a fertility god as Israel pursued material goods from other gods (Hastings, 1963:506). Attached to this worship was the belief concerning the cycle of growth and decay, birth and death and success in war. But in Canaan, they were openly shameless such that mother goddesses were branded as whores. (Keller, 1956: 262-263). This worship was connected to everyday life to ensure that by having sex in the temple; success was certain. As sex was performed in the temple, the god of fertility was impregnating the earth for farms to have good produce and success in trade. This is seen in how trade was conducted as goods probably food was sold by the rich to foreigners like Tyre; neglecting the fellow poor Israelites who could have worked for it. The seller-buyer relationship is also viewed as prostitution. These were the activities that penetrated Yahwism. And it was at this that the prophets were raged with patriotism zeal to fight the survival of Yahwism. The metaphor also refers to alliances with other nations on political basis. These alliances are likened to lovers whom Isaiah condemned. These foreign alliances brought idolatry into Israelites faith. Thus the depiction of Israels unfaithfulness to God (Jeremiah 2:18, 36-37; Hosea 5:13; 7:11-12). That is the breaking of covenant or the seal of salvation. As seen in this way, Israel committed adultery by being idolatry. Israel also followed the gods of violence, assassination and injustice. They totally rejected the precepts of Yahweh as stipulated in the Decalogue- Ten commandments (Hosea 4:2). Miller also points out thatWhen the austere worshippers of Yahweh entered Canaan from the wilderness of Sinai and first encountered such practices at Baal Peor, they were both shocked and intriguedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. numbers 25: Hosea 9:10 (Miller, 1987:82). Miller clearly states that Israel was a monotheistic nation. But the influence of the Canaanites swayed her away from Yahweh like a woman who leaves her only husband for other men. Iam therefore contend with the drama itself that demonstrates how loving Yahweh is. Yet even the changing of the names of Hoseas children from abandonment to embracing from not being my people to being my people is also a good honour to show that God cares. (Halley 1957:317). This shows that there is no slave or free person in the sight of God (Galatians 3). Though the children had no paternal inheritance because they were born out of wed log, they were also given access to inheritance in the house of Hosea. This is how Gods nature is (Hastings, 1963: 506 ). God wants a relationship between Godself and human beings. That is why God instituted the covenantal law to be the cord of bondage in this relationship. But this bondage has been weakened due to sin (Isaiah 59: 2). The sending of Hosea to remarry his wife demonstrates the concern of God for liberation of humanity. On the other hand God is reminding the people to return to God as Revelation 2:4-5a attests. This was the desire of Hose to see the salvation of Israel. He wished that Israel would be reconnected to the covenant. CONCLUSSION: The unfaithful marriage between Gomer and Hosea represents the broken Sinai covenantal relationship between Israel and God. The Sinai covenant was meant to be a practical, functional and a permanent-self definition and self-understanding of Israel as a chosen nation. But they forgot that God had entered into a covenant with them in the wilderness, which was their guide in political, social and religious spheres. Israel lost the morals. This resulted into idolatry, oppression and injustices. They forgot that they were a chosen nation that was required to live an exemplary life to the surrounding nations. It was the neglection of this covenant that God was displeased with the Israelites that his wrath raged against them. Yet, he brings word of compassionate hope for restoration and encouraged Israel to uphold the covenantal law, as Israel was a chosen nation who should have lived exemplary life.